Monier梵英和辞典

a necklace of one string or row (一連の首飾り), L.

・ornament for the neck (頸の飾り), Kathās.

= kaṇṭhī-rava below.

belonging to the throat (喉に属する).

‘roaring from the throat’, a lion (「喉より吼ゆる」，獅子), Pañcat.

・an elephant in rut (発情せる象), L.

・a pigeon (鳩), L.

Gendarussa Vulgaris, L.

being at or in the throat (喉にある), VS. xxxix, 9; Suśr. ii, 130, 13

・suitable to the throat (喉に適える), Suśr.

・belonging to the throat, pronounced from the throat, guttural (as sounds; they are, according to the Prātiśākhyas, a, ā, h, and the Jihvāmūlīya [or Visarjanīya]; according to the Comm. on Pāṇ. i, 1, 9, a, ā, k, kh, g, gh, ṅ and h; according to Vop. also e) (喉に属する、喉より発せらるる、喉音の〔音について。Prātiśākhya によれば a, ā, h と Jihvāmūlīya〔また Visarjanīya〕なり。Pāṇ. i, 1, 9 の注によれば a, ā, k, kh, g, gh, ṅ, h なり。Vop. によればさらに e なり〕)

・〔補遺〕clear, evident (明らかなる), Jain.

a guttural sound or letter (喉音また喉の字), PārGṛ.

a guttural sound or letter (喉音また喉の字).

a guttural vowel (i.e. a and ā) (喉音の母音〔すなわち a と ā〕)

a basket made of canes (籐にて成る籠), L. (cf. kaṇḍola.)

a boat, ship (舟), L.

・a hoe, spade (鍬), L.

・war (戦), L.

・Arum Campanulatum (蒟蒻), L.

・a camel (駱駝), L.

・a churning-vessel (攪拌の器), L.

a churning-vessel (攪拌の器), L.

a camel (駱駝), L.

a churning-vessel (攪拌の器), L.

to be glad or wanton (喜び，また戯る) : cl. 10. P. kaṇḍayati, to separate (the chaff from the grain) (〔籾殻を穀より〕分かつ), Dhātup. (cf. kaḍ.)

an ornament (飾り), L.

・〔補遺〕a joint (= parvan) (節), L.

N. of a king (或る王の名), Inscr.

the act of threshing, separating the chaff from the grain in a mortar (臼にて穀を搗き，籾殻を分かつ行い), Hcat.

・that which is separated from the grain, chaff (穀より分かたるるもの，籾殻), Suśr.

a wooden bowl or mortar (in which the cleaning or threshing of grain is performed) (木の鉢また臼〔穀を清め，また搗くに用いらる〕), Mn. iii, 68.

a sinew (of which sixteen are considered to be in the human body) (腱〔人の身に十六ありと見なさる〕), Suśr.; Bhpr. &c.

・a principal vessel of the body, a large artery, vein &c. [W.] (身の主たる脈管，大なる動脈，静脈等).

a short section, the shortest subdivision (in the arrangement of certain Vedic compositions) (短き節，〔或る Veda の書の配列における〕最も短き細分)

・[cf. kāṇḍa and kāṇḍikā.]

to pound, bray (搗く), Car.

a sort of vegetable (或る菜の一種), Car. (cf. gaṇḍīra.)

= kaṇḍū below, Suśr.

・〔補遺〕an itching or ardent desire (痒み，また烈しき欲), Śiś.

N. of a Ṛṣi (或る Ṛṣi の名), VP.; BhP. &c.

N. of a barber (或る床屋の名), Hariv.

scratching (掻く)

・itching (痒き), Suśr.

Momordica Charantia (苦瓜), L.

・a species of reed (葦の一種), L.

Mucuna Pruritus, L.

・a species of creeper (蔓草の一種), L.

itching (痒き), Car.

itching, the itch (痒み，疥), Suśr.; Kum. &c.

・scratching (掻くこと), Śāntiś. (cf. sa-kaṇḍūka.)

Mucuna Pruritus, L.

Cathartocarpus Fistula, L.

・white mustard (白芥子), L.

feeling a desire to scratch, itching (掻かんとする欲を覚ゆる，痒き), Hcar. 44, 7.

a kind of insect whose bite is poisonous (その咬み傷の毒なる或る虫の一種), Suśr.

scratching, itching (掻く，痒き), Suśr.

itching, ardently desiring (痒き，烈しく欲する), Car.; Śiś., Sch.

N. of a gaṇa (或る gaṇa の名), Pāṇ. iii, 1, 27.

scratching (掻くこと)

・itching, the itch (痒み，疥), BhP.; Sāh. &c.

・(fig.) sexual desire (of women) (〔喩えにて〕〔女の〕情欲), Rājat.

・N. of one of the mothers in the retinue of Skanda (Skanda の従者たる母らの一の名), MBh. ix.

feeling a desire to scratch, itching, desiring or longing for (掻かんとする欲を覚ゆる，痒き，慕う), Sāh.

to scratch, scrape, rub (掻き，擦る), TS.; ŚBr.; Mn. &c.;

to itch (痒し), Śārṅg. : Pass. kaṇḍūyate, to be scratched (掻かる), VarBṛS. : Desid. kaṇḍūyiyiṣati, Vārtt. on Pāṇ. vi, 1, 3; Vop.

the act of scratching, scraping, rubbing (掻き，擦る行い)

・itching, the itch (痒み，疥), KātyŚr.; Suśr.; Ragh. &c.

a brush for scraping or rubbing (擦るための刷毛), KātyŚr.

serving for scratching or tickling (as a straw) (〔藁として〕掻き，また擽るに供する), Pañcat. (Hit.)

scratching, itching (掻くこと，痒み), Comm. on Pāṇ.; Vop.

id. (同上).

scratching, a scratcher (掻く者), Ragh. xiii, 43.

Amorphophallus Campanulatus, Car.

Mucuna Pruritus, L.

having or feeling a desire to scratch, itchy (掻かんとする欲を有し，また覚ゆる，痒き), Uttarar.; Bālar.

Amorphophallus Campanulatus, L.

the itch, a state of eager desire for (loc.) (痒み，…への烈しき欲の状態), Naiṣ.

N. of a man (或る人の名), Hariv.

N. of a being attendant on Śiva (Śiva に侍する或る存在の名), L.

a basket for holding grain (made of bamboo or cane) (穀を容るる籠〔竹また籐にて成る〕), Comm. on Mn.

・a safe, any place in which provisions are kept [W.] (貯え所，糧を保つ場)

・a camel (cf. kaṇṭhāla) (駱駝), L.

the lute of a Caṇḍāla (cf. kaṭola, gaṇḍola) (Caṇḍāla の琴), L.

camel-footed (?) (駱駝の足のごときか), g. hasty-ādi, Pāṇ. v, 4, 138 (not in Kāś.)

the lute of a Caṇḍāla, a common lute (Caṇḍāla の琴，並みの琴), L.

a basket, safe, store-room (籠，貯え所), L.

a scorpion, tarantula (蠍，毒蜘蛛), L.

N. of a renowned Ṛṣi (author of several hymns of the Ṛg-veda; he is called a son of Ghora and is said to belong to the family of Aṅgiras) (名高き或る Ṛṣi の名〔Ṛg-veda の数篇の讃歌の作者。Ghora の子と称せられ、Aṅgiras の家に属すと言わる〕, RV.; AV.; VS.; KātyŚr. &c.)

the family or descendants of Kaṇva (Kaṇva の家また裔), ib. (besides the celebrated Ṛṣi there occur a Káṇva Nārṣadá, AV. iv, 19, 2; Káṇva Śrāyasa, TS. v, 4, 7, 5; Káṇva Kāśyapa, MBh.; Śak. &c.; the founder of a Vedic school; several princes and founders of dynasties; several authors)

a peculiar class of evil spirits (against whom the hymn, AV. ii, 25 is used as a charm) (或る特有の一類の悪霊〔これに対し AV. ii, 25 の讃歌が呪として用いらる〕), AV. ii, 25, 3; 4; 5

deaf (聾なる), KātyŚr. x, 2, 35

・praising, a praiser (讃うる，讃うる者), L.

・one who is to be praised [T.] (讃えらるべき者).

sin, evil (罪，悪), Comm. on Uṇ.

consuming or destroying the evil spirits called Kaṇva (Kaṇva と称せらるる悪霊を滅ぼす), AV. ii, 25, 1.

the very Kaṇva, a real Kaṇva (まさしき Kaṇva，真の Kaṇva), RV. i, 48, 4; x, 115, 5.

N. of several Sāmans (数種の Sāman の名).

prepared by the Kaṇvas (as the Soma, NBD.) (〔Soma として〕Kaṇva らの調えたる)

・united with the praisers or with the Kaṇvas (as Indra, Sāy.) (讃うる者ら，また Kaṇva らと結ばるる), RV. viii, 2, 22.

N. of several Sāmans (数種の Sāman の名).

like Kaṇva (Kaṇva のごとく), RV. viii, 6, 11; AV. ii, 32, 3.

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

having the Kaṇvas as friends, friendly disposed to them (Kaṇva らを友とする，これに親しき), RV. x, 115, 5.

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

one whose Hotṛ priest is a Kaṇva (その Hotṛ 祭官が Kaṇva なる者), RV. v, 41, 4.

N. of a gaṇa (或る gaṇa の名), Pāṇ. iv, 2, 111.

N. of a Tīrtha (或る Tīrtha の名), Viṣṇus.

N. of an Upaniṣad (或る Upaniṣad の名).

to do mischief (cf. kaṇva n.) (害を為す), Pāṇ. iii, 1, 17.

relating to or performed by Kaṇva (Kaṇva に関わり，またこれの行える).

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

Strychnos Potatorum (cf. the next) (Strychnos Potatorum), L.

・N. of a Ṛṣi (或る Ṛṣi の名), Pāṇ.

= the next.

Strychnos Potatorum or the clearing nut plant (its seeds rubbed upon the inside of water-jars precipitate the earthy particles in the water [W.]) (清水の実の樹〔その種を水瓶の内に擦れば水中の土の粒を沈ましむ〕, Mn. vi, 67; Suśr.)

・N. of a commentator on the Rāmāyaṇa (Rāmāyaṇa の或る注釈者の名).

who or which of many? (e.g. katamena pathā yātās te, by which road have they gone?) (多の中の誰か。いずれか)

・it is often a mere strengthened substitute for ka, the superlative affix imparting emphasis (しばしば ka の単に強められたる代用にすぎず。superl. の接尾辞が強調を与うるなり)

・hence it may occasionally be used for ‘who or which of two?’ (e.g. tayoḥ katamasmai, to which of these two?) (よりて時に「二の中のいずれか」の意にも用いられ得)

・it may optionally be compounded with the word to which it refers (e.g. katamaḥ kaṭhaḥ, or katama-kaṭhaḥ, which Kaṭha out of many?) (指す語と複合せらるることもあり得)

・when followed by ca and preceded by yatama an indefinite expression is formed equivalent to ‘any whosoever’, ‘any whatsoever’, &c. (e.g. yatamad eva katamac ca vidyāt, he may know anything whatsoever). In negative sentences katama with cana or katama with api = not even one, none at all (e.g. na katamac canâhaḥ, not even on a single day, on no day at all) (ca を後に、yatama を前に伴う時、「いかなるものにても」に当たる不定の表現を成す。否定文にては katama に cana また api を伴いて「一つも…ならず」の意なり)

N. of a man (或る人の名).

who or which of two? whether of two? Analogously to katama above katara may occasionally be used to express ‘who or which of many?’ (e.g. katarasyāṃ diśi, in which quarter?), and may optionally be compounded with the word to which it refers (e.g. kataraḥ kaṭhaḥ or katara-kaṭhaḥ) (二の中の誰か。いずれか。右の katama に准じ、katara も時に「多の中の誰か」を表すに用いられ得、また指す語と複合せらるることもあり得)

・in negative sentences katara with cana = neither of the two (e.g. na kataraś-cana jigye, neither of the two was conquered) (否定文にては katara に cana を伴いて「二のいずれも…ならず」の意なり, RV. &c.;)

on which of the two sides? (二のいずれの側にてか), ŚBr. vi.

in which of two manners or ways? (二のいずれの様にてか), ṢaḍvBr.

how many? quot? several (e.g. kati devāḥ, how many gods? kati vyāpādayati kati vā tāḍayati, some he kills and some he strikes). In the sense of ‘several’, ‘some’, kati is generally followed by cid or api (e.g. katicid ahāni, for several or some days) (いくばくか。いくつか)

・it may be used as an adverb with cid in the sense of ‘oftentimes’, ‘much’, ‘in many ways’ (e.g. katicit stutaḥ, much or often praised) (cid を伴い「しばしば」「多く」「多くの様に」の意の副詞としても用いられ得, RV. &c.;)

how many times? (いく度か), Vop. (cf. kati kṛ́tvas, ŚBr. xii, 3, 2, 7.)

of how many divisions or kinds? (いくつの区分また類のか), Car.

of how many kinds? (いくつの類のか)

how many at a time? (一度にいくつか), Kum.

how many in number? (数においていくつか), Pañcat.

how many years old? (いくつの歳か), Bālar.

how many? (いくつか), Car.

・bought for how much? (いくばくにて購われたるか), Pat.

with following cid or ca, the so-maniest (それだけの番目の), Bālar.

the how-maniest? (いくつ目のか), Pāṇ. v, 2, 51

・with cid, the so-maniest (それだけの番目の), RV. x, 61, 18 (= katipayānāṃ pūraṇaḥ, Sāy.)

・to such and such a point (かくかくの点まで)

how many times? how often? in how many places? in how many parts? (いく度か。いくつの場にか。いくつの部分にか), RV. &c.

・with cid, everywhere (いずこにも), RV. i, 31, 2.

several, some (数の，或る)

・a certain number, so many (e.g. katipayenâhar-gaṇena, after some days; also katipayair ahobhiḥ, katipayâhasya, &c.) (或る数，それだけの), ŚBr. &c.

a little, some (at the end of Tatpuruṣa compounds, e.g. udaśvit-katipayam, a little Udaśvit) (少し), Pāṇ. ii, 1, 65

with some exertion, with difficulty, narrowly (幾らかの努めをもって，辛うじて), Pāṇ. ii, 3, 33.

with some exertion, with difficulty, narrowly (幾らかの努めをもって，辛うじて), Pāṇ. ii, 3, 33.

somewhat advanced, so-maniest (やや進みたる，それだけの番目の), Kāṭh.; Pāṇ. v, 2, 51.

fire (火), L.

・(incorrect for khatamāla, BRD.; cf. kacamāla, karamāla.)

N. of a sage (son of Viśvā-mitra and ancestor of Kātyāyana) (或る聖の名〔Viśvā-mitra の子にして Kātyāyana の祖〕), Hariv.

N. of a town (或る都市の名), Rājat.

N. of an Agrahāra (或る Agrahāra の名), Rājat.

the rattling sound of dice (賽の鳴る音), Mṛcch.

to boast (誇る), MBh.; R.; BhP.;

to mention with praise, praise, celebrate (讃えて挙げ，讃う), MBh. iv, 1252; xvi; R.;

to flatter, coax [W.] (媚び，宥む);

to abuse, revile (罵る), BhP. viii.

N. of a man (或る人の名).

boasting, praising (誇る，讃うる), MBh.; R.

the act of boasting (誇る行い), MBh.; R.; Suśr.

id. (同上), Comm. on Bhaṭṭ.

boasting (誇ること), MBh. i, 5995.

to be boasted (誇らるべき), Car.

swelling, rising (膨れ，昇る), RV. v, 32, 6

to loosen, slacken, remove (緩め，除く), Dhātup. xxxv, 60 (cf. kart, kartr.)

the shoulder, shoulder-blade (肩，肩甲骨), L.

to converse with any one (instr., sometimes with saha) (人と語らう), MBh.;

to tell, relate, narrate, report, inform, speak about, declare, explain, describe (with acc. of the thing or person spoken about) (語り，述べ，告げ，説き，記す), MBh.; R.; Śak. &c.;

to announce, show, exhibit, bespeak, betoken (告げ知らせ，示す), Mn. xi, 114; Śak. 291, 4; Suśr. &c.;

to order, command (命ず), Pañcat. 57, 22;

to suppose, state (想い，述ぶ), MBh. iii, 10668; Mn. vii, 157 : Pass. kathyate, to be called, be regarded or considered as, pass for (…と称せられ，また見なさる), Pañcat.; Hit. &c.;

relating, reciting (語り，誦する), Śāntiś.

a narrator, relater, one who recites a story (or who publicly reads and expounds the Purāṇas &c.), one who speaks or tells, a professional story-teller (語り手、物語を誦する者〔また公に Purāṇa 等を読み解く者〕、語る者、業とする語り手, MBh.; Kathās. &c.)

・the speaker of a prologue or monologue, chief actor (序また独白を語る者，主たる役者), L.

・N. of a man (或る人の名)

・of a being in the retinue of Skanda (Skanda の従者たる或る存在の名).

telling, talkative [W.] (語る，語り好む).

the act of telling, narration, relating, informing (語る行い，物語，告ぐること), Suśr.; Bhartṛ.; Pañcat. &c.

a narrator, story-teller (語り手), Hcar.

to be said or told or declared, worthy of relation or mentioning (語られ，述べらるべき，語るに値する), MBh.; BhP. &c.

・to be called or named (称せらるべき), Śrutab.

relating, telling (語る), MBh. iii, 2906.

to be told or mentioned (語られ，述べらるべき)

・to be communicated (伝えらるべき), Śak. 233, 4.

conversation, speech, talking together (語らい，言，共に語ること), ĀśvGṛ.; MBh.; Mn. &c.

・talk, mention (話，言及)

・(kā kathā [with gen. or more commonly with loc. and sometimes with prati], what should one say of? how should one speak of? e.g. eko 'pi kṛcchrād varteta bhūyasāṃ tu kathâiva kā, even one person would live with difficulty, what should one say of many? i.e. how much more many? Kathās. iv, 123; kā kathā bāṇa-saṃdhāne, what mention of fitting the arrow? i.e. what necessity for fitting the arrow? Śak. 53 a) (〔…について何を言わんや。いかにして語らんや〕)

・story, tale, fable (物語，寓話), MBh.; R.; Hit. &c.

・a feigned story, tale (as one of the species of poetical composition) (作り物語〔詩作の一種として〕), Sāh. 567; Kāvyād.

・Story (personified) (人格化されたる物語), Kathās.

・(in log.) discussion, disputation (〔論理学にて〕論議), Sarvad.

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

uninterrupted progress of conversation, continuous conversation (語らいの絶えざる運び，続く語らい), Kathās.

famous by report, far renowned (聞こえにて名高き), Sarvad. 99, 6.

the device or artifice or guise of fables (寓話の趣向また装い), Hit.

N. of a pupil of Bāṣkali (Bāṣkali の弟子の名), VP.

N. of a wk. (containing the substance of the R., MBh. & BhP.) (或る書の名〔R.・MBh.・BhP. の要を含む〕)

N. of a gaṇa (或る gaṇa の名), Pāṇ. iv, 4, 102.

taking pleasure in a story, attention to a discourse (物語に楽しみを覚ゆること，話への心用い).

end of a conversation (語らいの終り).

the course of a conversation (語らいの運び), Mṛcch.; Kathās.

‘pedestal of Story’, N. of the first Lambaka or book of the Kathā-sarit-sāgara (「物語の台座」，Kathā-sarit-sāgara の第一の Lambaka すなわち巻の名).

a continuous narrative, the connection or course of a narrative, tale, composed story, fiction (続く物語，物語の繋がりまた運び，作り物語).

occasion to speak or talk (語る折)

・course of conversation (語らいの運び), Naiṣ.; Hit.

on the occasion of a conversation, in the course of conversation (語らいの折に，語らいの運びにて), Kathās.; Comm. on Kāvyād.

on the occasion of a conversation, in the course of conversation (語らいの折に，語らいの運びにて), Kathās.; Comm. on Kāvyād.

talkative, talking much, half-witted (語り好む，多く語る，愚かなる), L.

・a conjurer, dealer in antidotes &c. (幻術師，解毒薬を商う者等)

in the course of conversation (語らいの運びにて), Kathās.

an actor, the speaker of a prologue or monologue, the introducer of a drama (役者，序また独白を語る者，劇の導き手)

・a professed story-teller (業とする語り手), L.

a mere story, nothing but a narrative (単なる物語，物語のほかなし)

one of whom nothing but the narrative is left, i.e. deceased, dead (その物語のほか何も遺らざる者，すなわち死せる), BhP. xii, 2, 44

id. (同上), BhP. xii, 2, 36

id. (同上), MBh. xv, 988 (cf. kathâvaśeṣa and kathā-śeṣa.)

the introduction to a tale (物語の序), Pañcat.

・N. of the second Lambaka or book of the Kathā-sarit-sāgara (Kathā-sarit-sāgara の第二の Lambaka すなわち巻の名).

N. of a work (或る書の名).

conversation, talk, discourse (語らい，話), MBh.; Hariv.; Hit.

beginning of a story or tale, story-telling (物語の始め，物語ること)

story-beginning-time (物語の始めの時), Hit.

garden of fable (寓話の園).

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

N. of wk. (或る書の名).

speech, conversation, discourse (言，語らい), Kathās.; Hit.

incarnation of Kathā or Story (Kathā すなわち物語の化身).

a string or collection of stories (物語の連なりまた集成), Kathās.

a narrative as the only remainder (唯一の遺りとしての物語), (˚ṃ-√ gam, to enter into a state in which nothing is left but the story of one's life, i.e. to die, Naiṣ.)

one of whom nothing remains but his life-story, i.e. deceased, dead (その生の物語のほか何も遺らざる者，すなわち死せる)

the state of the above (右の状態), (kathâvaśeṣatāṃ gataḥ, deceased, dead, Prab.)

to die (死ぬ), Kād. (cf. the last.)

disliking conversation, reserved, taciturn (語らいを厭う，寡黙なる).

= kathâvaśeṣa above, Rājat.

a collection of tales or fables (物語また寓話の集成).

a joint in a tale (i.e. the place where it is joined to another tale) (物語の継ぎ目〔すなわち他の物語に接がるる場〕), Kathās.

‘the ocean of rivers of stories’, N. of wk. by Soma-deva (「物語の河の大洋」，Soma-deva による或る書の名).

the beginning of or introduction to a tale (物語の始めまた序), BhP.

the beginning of a tale (物語の始め), Ragh. iv, 20

・(in dram.) the opening of a drama by the character that first enters overhearing and repeating the last words of the Sūtradhāra or manager (cf. udghātyaka) (〔劇にて〕最初に登場する役が Sūtradhāra すなわち座長の最後の語を聞き取りて繰り返すことによる劇の開き, Sāh. 290; Daśar.)

conversation, talking together, conference, narration (語らい，共に語ること，物語).

narration, narrative, relation, telling a story (物語，語ること).

a little tale (小さき物語), Vet.; Hcat. &c.

to tell, relate, recite (語り，述べ，誦す).

a narrator, relater, story-teller by profession [W.] (語り手，業とする語り手).

told, related, reckoned (語られ，述べられ，数えられたる), Mn. vii, 157

conversation, discourse (語らい，話), MBh.; Śak.

・narration, tale (物語), Ragh. xi, 10.

repetition, tautology [W.] (繰り返し，同語反復).

to reduce to a mere tale (単なる物語と為す).

reduced to a mere tale, i.e. deceased, dead (e.g. kathī-kṛtaṃ vapuḥ, a body reduced to a mere tale, a dead body, Kum. iv, 13) (単なる物語と為されたる、すなわち死せる.)

to be spoken about or told, fit to be mentioned (語らるべき，述ぶるに適える), R.

・to be related (述べらるべき), Daś.

how? in what manner? whence? (e.g. katham etat, how is that? katham idānīm, how now? what is now to be done? katham mārâtmake tvayi viśvāsaḥ, how can there be reliance on thee of murderous mind? katham utsṛjya tvāṃ gaccheyam, how can I go away deserting you? katham buddhvā bhaviṣyati sā, how will she be when she awakes? katham mṛtyuḥ prabhavati vedavidām, whence is it that death has power over those that know the Veda? katham avagamyate, whence is it inferred?) (いかにして。いかなる様に。いずこより)

・sometimes katham merely introduces an interrogation (e.g. katham ātmānaṃ nivedayāmi kathaṃ vâtmâpahāraṃ karomi, shall I declare myself or shall I withdraw?); katham is often found in connection with the particles iva, nāma, nu, svid, which appear to generalize the interrogation (how possibly? how indeed? &c.) (時に katham は単に疑問を導くのみなり。またしばしば助詞 iva, nāma, nu, svid と結ばれ、これらは疑問を一般化すると見ゆ)

・with nu it is sometimes = kimu, or kutas (e.g. kathaṃ nu, how much more! na kathaṃ nu, how much less!); katham is often connected, like kim, with the particles cana, cid, and api, which give an indefinite sense to the interrogative (e.g. kathaṃ cana, in any way, somehow; scarcely, with difficulty; na kathaṃ cana, in no way at all; kathaṃcit, somehow or other, by some means or other, in any way, with some difficulty, scarcely, in a moderate degree, a little; na kathaṃcit, not at all, in no way whatever; na kathaṃcid na, in no way not, i.e. most decidedly; yathā kathaṃcit, in any way whatsoever; kathaṃcid yadi jīvati, it is with difficulty that he lives; katham api, somehow or other, with some difficulty, scarcely, a little; katham api na, by no means, not at all) (〔kim と同じく助詞 cana, cid, api と結ばれ、疑問詞に不定の意を与う〕, RV. &c.)

・according to lexicographers katham is a particle implying amazement (辞書家らによれば katham は驚きを含意する助詞なり)

・surprise (意外)

・pleasure (喜び)

・abuse (罵り).

N. of a Rājarṣi (或る Rājarṣi の名), Sāy. on RV. iv, 16, 10.

of what shape? (いかなる形のか), R.

of what power? (いかなる力のか), R. iii, 73, 9.

doubt and questioning (疑いと問い), Divyāv.

one who is always asking questions, an inquisitive person (常に問いを発する者，詮索好きの人), L.

questioning, inquiring, inquisitiveness (問うこと，詮索好き), L.

how acting? (いかに行うか)

in what manner? how? (いかなる様に), Naiṣ.; Śiś. ii, 52.

of what kind? (いかなる類のか), Pat.

still more how or why? (used in emphatic questions) (なおいかにして，またなにゆえに), Sarvad. 105, 12.

‘the how’, the what state? (「いかにして」，いかなる状態か), Yogas.

of what measure? (いかなる量のか), R.

= -tā above, Comm. on KātyŚr.

how being, of what kind? (いかにあり，いかなる類のか), Caurap.

how? whence? why? (いかにして。いずこより。なにゆえに), RV.; AV. viii, 1, 16; TS. &c.

・(yathā́ kathā́ ca, in any way whatsoever, ŚBr. iv)

・sometimes merely a particle of interrogation (e.g. kathā́ śṛṇoti … índraḥ, does Indra hear? RV. iv, 23, 3; kathā́-kathā́, whether-or? TS. ii, 6, 1, 7) (時に単に疑問の助詞なり.)

to be confused, suffer mentally (惑い，心に苦しむ);

to grieve (悲しむ);

to confound (惑わす);

to kill or hurt (殺し，また傷つく);

to call (呼ぶ);

to cry or shed tears (泣き，涙を流す), Dhātup. xix, 10.

destruction, killing, slaughter (滅び，殺戮), MBh.; R.; Pañcat. &c.

N. of a town (或る都市の名), L.

loving slaughter (殺戮を好む), BhP. vii, 12, 13.

Nauclea Cadamba (a tree with orange-coloured fragrant blossoms) (橙色の芳しき花を有する樹), MBh.; Suśr.; Megh. &c.

・white mustard (白芥子), L.

・Andropogon Serratus, L.

・turmeric (鬱金), L.

・a particular mineral substance (或る特定の鉱物), L.

・a particular position of the hand (手の或る特定の形)

・(in astron.) the pole of the ecliptic (〔天文にて〕黄道の極), Comm. on Sūryas.

・an arrow (cf. kādamba) (矢), L.

・N. of a dynasty (或る王朝の名)

N. of a plant (或る植物の名), L.

a multitude, assemblage, collection, troop, herd (群れ，集まり), Gīt.; Sāh. &c.

the rule of the Kadamba buds (i.e. simultaneous appearance or action) (Kadamba の蕾の則〔すなわち同時の現れまた働き〕), A.

a Kadamba blossom (Kadamba の花), Mālatīm.

Sinapis Dichotoma, L.

N. of a plant (the flowers of which resemble those of the Kadamba, commonly called Muṇḍerī) (或る植物の名〔その花は Kadamba のそれに似たり。俗に Muṇḍerī と称せらる〕), L.

N. of a plant (或る植物の名), Suśr.

(in astron.) the polar circle of the ecliptic (〔天文にて〕黄道の極の円).

a kind of amorous play or sport (或る情の戯れの一種), Vātsy.

N. of a medicinal plant (或る薬草の名), L.

a fragrant breeze (芳しき風).

= -bhrama-maṇḍala above.

a fragrant breeze (芳しき風)

・‘accompanied by fragrant breezes’, the rainy season (「芳しき風を伴う」，雨季), Kir. iv, 24.

Nauclea Cadamba, VarBṛS.

・Sinapis Dichotoma, L.

・Curcuma Aromatica

a particular muscle in the nape of the neck (cf. kalambikā) (項の或る特定の筋), L.

multitude, troop, herd (群れ), Śak.; Kir.; Śiś.

to transform into flowers of the Kadambaka (Kadambaka の花に変ず), MBh. vii, 6276.

a particle of interrogation (= Lat. nonne, num) (疑問の助詞), RV.

・anything wrong or bad (誤れる，また悪しきいずれのもの), BhP. vii, 5, 28 (cf. below)

・= sukha, Nigh.

・kad is used, like kim, with the particles cana and cid, ‘sometimes, now and then’ (kad は kim と同じく助詞 cana と cid を伴い「時に、折々」の意に用いらる)

・kac-cana with the negation na, ‘in no way or manner’, RV.

・kac-cid is also used, like the simple kad, as a particle of interrogation (e.g. kaccid dṛṣṭā tvayā rājan damayantī, was Damayantī seen by thee, O king?), MBh., or kaccid may be translated by ‘I hope that’ (kac-cid もまた単なる kad と同じく疑問の助詞として用いらる。また kaccid は「…であればよいが」とも訳し得)

・at the beginning of a compound it may mark the uselessness, badness or defectiveness of anything, as in the following examples (ibc. にては、いずれのものの無益、悪しきこと、また欠けたることを示し得。下の例のごとし.)

a bad letter, bad writing (悪しき字，悪しき書き), L.

a little fire (小さき火), Vop.

a heretic (異端者), Bhadrab.

a bad road (悪しき道), L.

bad food or little food (悪しき食また少なき食), BhP.; Śārṅg.

eating bad food (悪しき食を食う), VarBṛS.

the state of bad food (悪しき食の状態), VCāṇ.

bad posterity, bad children (悪しき裔，悪しき子), BhP.

a useless thing (無益なる物), RV.

having what purpose or aim? (いかなる目的また的を有するか), RV. x, 22, 6

・useless, unmeaning [W.] (無益なる，意なき).

the act of tormenting, torture, trouble (苦しむる行い，責め苦，煩い), Daś.; Kathās.

to be tormented or troubled (苦しめらるべき), Naiṣ.; Hcar.

to consider as a useless thing, estimate lightly, despise (無益なる物と見なし，軽んじ，侮る), Bhartṛ.; Vcar.;

to torment, torture, trouble (苦しむ), Pañcat.; Kathās.; Naiṣ. &c.

rendered useless (無益とされたる)

・despised, disdained, rejected (侮られ，斥けられたる).

to disdain, disregard, despise, overlook (侮り，顧みず，見過ごす), MBh.; BhP.;

to torment, torture (苦しむ).

contempt, disdain (侮り)

・tormenting, torture (苦しむること), Hcar.

avaricious, miserly, stingy, niggardly (貪り，吝き), Gaut.; ChUp.; Mn. iv, 210, 224; Yājñ. &c.

・little, insignificant, mean [W.] (小さき，取るに足らぬ，卑しき)

・bad, disagreeable [W.] (悪しき，快からざる).

a miser (吝き者)

the state or condition of the above (右の状態), MBh.

the state or condition of the above (右の状態), MBh.

id. (同上), ib.

a bad horse (悪しき馬), Comm. on Pāṇ.

ill-formed, ugly (形悪しき，醜き), L.

having a bad name [T.] (悪しき名を有する).

Costus Speciosus (commonly called Kuṣṭha), L.

bad conduct (悪しき振舞い)

of bad conduct, wicked, abandoned [W.] (悪しき振舞いの，放埒なる).

deceitful, intriguing (欺きの，謀る), Campak.

bad food (悪しき食), Car.

taking bad food (悪しき食を摂る), ib.

bad organs of sense (悪しき官), BhP.

having bad organs of sense (悪しき官を有する), BhP. viii, 3, 28

id. (同上), BhP. x, 60, 35.

a bad ruler (悪しき統べ手), Kautukar.

a bad camel (悪しき駱駝), Comm. on Pāṇ.

tepid, lukewarm (微温の), Pāṇ.; Suśr. &c.

・harsh, sharp (as a word) (〔語として〕荒く，鋭き), Naiṣ. ix, 38

slight warmth, lukewarmness [W.] (微かなる温み) (cf. kavôṣṇa, kôṣṇa.)

a bad carriage (悪しき車), ŚāṅkhŚr.; Pāṇ.

containing the word ka (語 ka を含む), ŚBr. vi; ŚāṅkhŚr.

speaking ill or inaccurately or indistinctly (悪しく，また正しからず，また明らかならず語る), Pāṇ. vi, 3, 102; Vop. &c. (with neg. a˚, Śiś. xiv, 1)

・contemptible, vile, base (侮るべき，賤しき), L.

whey or buttermilk mixed with water (水に混ぜたる乳清また乳漿), L. (cf. kaṅkara, kaṭvara, &c.)

a fragrant grass (芳しき草), Suśr.

・Pistia Stratiotes, L.

an intoxicating drink, wine or vinous spirit (酔わしむる飲み物，酒), L.

three inferior (persons or articles &c.) (三の劣れる〔人また物等〕), Vārtt. on Pāṇ. vi, 3, 101.

N. of a gaṇa (或る gaṇa の名), Pāṇ. iv, 2, 95 (cf. kāttreyaka.)

a wave, surge, billow (波，大波), Pañcat.; Bhartṛ. &c.

・an enemy, foe (敵), L.

・joy, happiness, pleasure (喜び，幸), L.

N. of an astrological work (或る占星の書の名).

surging, billowy (波立つ), g. tārakâdi, Pāṇ. v, 2, 36.

a surging stream, river in general (波立つ流れ，総じて河), Prab.

an awning (天蓋), L. (cf. kandaka.)

a saw (鋸), L.

・an iron goad (for guiding an elephant) (鉄の突き棒〔象を導くための〕), L.

・a species of Mimosa (= śveta-khadira; cf. Gk. κέδρος), Bhpr.; Comm. on KātyŚr.

a corn, callosity of the feet (caused by external friction) (足の胼胝〔外よりの擦れにより生ず〕), Suśr.

coagulated milk (凝りたる乳), L. (cf. kaṅkara, kaṭura, &c.)

the plantain or banana tree, Musa Sapientum (its soft, perishable stem is a symbol of frailty) (芭蕉〔その柔らかく脆き茎は儚さの徴なり〕), Suśr.; R.; Megh.

N. of several plants (Pistia Stratiotes, Bombax Heptaphyllum, Calosanthes Indica) (数種の植物の名), L.

the plantain tree (芭蕉), Bhpr.

・a kind of deer (the hide of which is used as a seat) (或る鹿の一種〔その皮は座として用いらる〕), MBh.; Suśr.

・a flag, banner, flag carried by an elephant (旗，象の担う旗), L.

the banana (芭蕉の実), Suśr.

Musa Sapientum, L.

id. (同上), Śiś. v, 2

・a flag carried by an elephant (象の担う旗), Kād.

a kind of antelope (或る羚羊の一種), L.

the root of the plantain (芭蕉の根), Bhpr.

a sort of cucumber [W.] (或る胡瓜の一種)

・a fine woman [W.] (美しき女).

the pith of the plantain tree (芭蕉の髄), MaitrUp.; Kathās. &c.

N. of a daughter of Maṅkaṇaka (Maṅkaṇaka の娘の名), Kathās. xxxii, 104.

as easily as a plantain tree (= kadalīvat sukham, Mall.) (芭蕉のごとく易く), Ragh. xii, 96.

a particular form of illusion (Buddh.) (或る特定の幻の形), L.

when? at what time? (with following fut. or pres. tense, Pāṇ. iii, 3, 5) (いつか。いかなる時にか), RV.; MBh.; Pañcat. &c.

・at some time, one day (或る時に，或る日), RV. viii, 5, 22

・how? (いかにして), RV. vii, 29, 3

・with a following nu khalu, when about? (いつ頃か), MBh. iii

・with a following ca and preceding yadā, whenever, as often as possible (e.g. yadā́ kadā́ ca sunávāma sómam, let us press out the Soma as often as may be or at all times, RV. iii, 53, 4)

・with a following caná, never at any time (いかなる時にも…ならず), RV.; AV.; TUp.; Hit. &c.

・(irr. also) at some time, one day, once (或る時に，かつて), MBh. xiii; Kathās. &c.

・na kadā́, never (決して…ならず), RV. vi, 21, 3; Subh.

・na kadā cana, never at any time (いかなる時にも…ならず), RV.; AV. &c.

・kadā cit, at some time or other, sometimes, once (或る時に，時に)

・na kadā cit, never (決して…ならず)

・kadâpi, sometimes, now and then (時に，折々)

・na kadâpi, never (決して…ならず);

N. of a man (或る人の名), g. upakâdi, Pāṇ. ii, 4, 69.

N. of a man (或る人の名).

tawny, brown, reddish-brown (黄褐色の，赤褐色の), TS.; KātyŚr. &c.

tawny (the colour) [W.] (黄褐色).

a brown Soma-vessel (褐色の Soma の器), RV. viii, 45, 26

N. of a daughter of Dakṣa (wife of Kaśyapa and mother of the Nāgas) (Dakṣa の娘の名〔Kaśyapa の妻にして Nāga らの母〕), MBh.; BhP. &c.

a particular divine personification (described in certain legends which relate to the bringing down of the Soma from heaven; according to the Brāhmaṇas, ‘the earth personified’) (或る特定の神なる人格化〔Soma を天より下すことに関わる或る説話に記さる。Brāhmaṇa によれば「人格化されたる地」なり〕, RV.; TS. vi; ŚBr. iii, vi; Kāṭh. &c.)

‘Kadru's son’, a serpent (「Kadru の子」，蛇), L.

id. (同上), Hariv.

id. (同上), L.

tawny (黄褐色の).

id. (同上).

the hump on the back of the Indian bullock (印度の牡牛の背の瘤), Hcat. i, 399, 6 (cf. gadrūka.)

turned towards what? (何に向けられたるか), RV. i, 164, 17.

N. of a reed plant (in ˚du-koṣṭha) (或る葦の植物の名), Kauś.

ever pleased or friendly [NBD.] (常に喜び，また親しき)

・fond of praise [Sāy.] (讃えを好む), RV. i, 30, 20

・(kadha = kadā; cf. Zd. kadha; cf. also adha-priya.)

id. (同上), RV. i, 38, 1.

the ocean (大洋) (cf. kaṃ-dhi.)

to be satisfied or pleased (満ち足り，また喜ぶ), RV. iv, 24, 9;

to agree to, accept with satisfaction (承け，喜びて受く), RV. iii, 28, 5;

to shine (輝く);

to go (行く), Dhātup. : Intens. P. (Subj. cākánat; Pot. cākanyāt; pf. 1. sg. cākana); Ā. (Subj. 3. pl. cākánanta and cakánanta, RV. i, 169, 4),

to be satisfied with, like, enjoy (with loc., gen., or instr.) (…に満ち足り，好み，享く), RV.;

to please, be liked or wished for (with gen. of the person) (喜ばせ，好まる), RV. i, 169, 4; v, 31, 13; viii, 31, 1;

to strive after, seek, desire, wish (with acc. or dat.) (求め，欲す), RV.;

gold (金), MBh.; Suśr.; Śak. &c.

thorn-apple (曼陀羅華), Suśr.

・Mesua Ferrea, Bhartṛ.

・several other plants (Michelia Campaka, Butea Frondosa, Bauhinia Variegata, Cassia Sophora, a kind of bdellium, a kind of sandal-wood) (他の数種の植物), L.

・a kind of decoction (或る煎じ薬の一種), Car.

・N. of particular Grahas or Ketus (或る特定の Graha また Ketu の名), AVPar.

・N. of several men (数人の名)

N. of a people (或る民族の名), VarBṛS.

one of the seven tongues of fire (火の七の舌の一), L.

of gold, golden (金の), SaṃhUp. 44, 1.

a species of plantain (芭蕉の一種), Megh. 77.

N. of a man (或る人の名), Kathās.

a goldsmith (金工).

N. of the mother of the Yakṣa Harikeśa (Yakṣa Harikeśa の母の名).

a species of Pandanus with yellow blossoms (黄なる花を有する Pandanus の一種), L.

borax (硼砂), L.

Cleome Felina, L.

N. of the founder of a sect (或る宗派の祖の名)

・= kāñcana-giri, L.

a species of ochre (黄土の一種), Suśr. (cf. kāñcana-gai˚.)

saffron (鬱金香), Caurap.

N. of a king (或る王の名).

a species of Campaka (Campaka の一種), Caurap.

a golden hatchet (金の斧).

bright as a golden palm tree (金の椰子の樹のごとく輝く).

‘golden-sticked’, a royal parasol (「金の柄の」，王の傘), Gīt.

N. of a man (或る人の名), Vet.

N. of a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhṛtarāṣṭra の子の名), MBh.

a particular ornament for the ear (耳の或る特定の飾り), Caurap.

gold-dust (金の粉).

the mountain Meru (山 Meru), MBh. xii.

a Pala (a weight of gold and silver equal to sixteen Māṣakas, or about 280 grains troy) (Pala〔十六 Māṣaka に等しき金銀の量目、約二百八十グレーン〕), L.

N. of a Tīrtha (或る Tīrtha の名), Hariv.

N. of several towns (数箇の都市の名).

id. (同上).

Premna Spinosa, Nigh.

a species of Pandanus with yellow blossoms (黄なる花を有する Pandanus の一種), L.

bright as gold (金のごとく輝く)

Cardiospermum Halicacabum, L.

・N. of a metre (consisting of four lines of 13 syllables each) (或る韻律の名〔各十三音節の四行より成る〕)

・N. of a princess (或る姫の名), Kathās.

= -puṣpī above.

Dalbergia Ougeinensis, L.

the seed of Croton Tiglium (巴豆の種).

a piece of gold (金の一片).

N. of a woman (或る女の名), Kathās.

consisting or made of gold, golden (金より成る), Pañcat.; Ratnāv. &c.

N. of a woman (或る女の名), Pañcad.

N. of a Buddha (或る Buddha の名), Lalit.

a species of Musa (芭蕉の一種), L.

fluid gold, a golden stream (溶けたる金，金の流れ), Śak. 279, 4

・yellow orpiment (雄黄), L.

N. of a woman (或る女の名), Kathās.

N. of a plant (to which the slender figure of a woman is compared) (或る植物の名〔女の細き姿はこれに比せらる〕), Kuv.

id. (同上), Kpr.

N. of a town (或る都市の名)

・of a woman (或る女の名), Kathās.

N. of a king (supposed to be a former manifestation of Śākyamuni) (或る王の名〔Śākyamuni の前の顕現なりと想わる〕).

N. of a merchant (或る商人の名), Kathās.

N. of a king (或る王の名), ib.

‘gold stream’, N. of a river (「金の流れ」，或る河の名), Rājat.

N. of a king of Viśālapurī (Viśālapurī の或る王の名).

N. of a people (或る民族の名), VarBṛS.

‘the golden-speared one’, N. of Kārttikeya (「金の槍の者」，Kārttikeya の名), Mṛcch.

‘golden-crested’, N. of the mountain Meru (「金の頂の」，山 Meru の名), Kād.

a golden cord or chain (金の紐また鎖), Hit.

N. of a king (或る王の名), Pañcad.

a golden column or stem &c. (金の柱また茎等).

‘having a golden stem’, a species of Musa (「金の茎を有する」，芭蕉の一種), L.

shining with columns of gold (金の柱にて輝く), Hit.

a gold mine, golden soil [W.] (金の鉱，金の土).

id. (同上), Suśr.

‘gold-eyed’, N. of a being attendant on Skanda (「金の眼の」，Skanda に侍する或る存在の名), MBh.

・of a king (或る王の名), Kathās.

an owl (梟), L.

a golden bracelet (金の腕輪), Śiś.

N. of a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Dhṛtarāṣṭra の子の名), MBh.

・of a Gandharva (或る Gandharva の名), Bālar.

‘the golden mountain’, N. of Meru (「金の山」，Meru の名)

・a piece of gold shaped like a mountain (cf. hema-parvata) (山の形なる金の一片).

the mountain Meru (山 Meru)

N. of a section of the Skanda-purāṇa (Skanda-purāṇa の或る節の名).

the superintendent of gold, treasurer (金の監督，蔵の司).

Bauhinia Variegata, L.

N. of a being attending on Skanda (Skanda に侍する或る存在の名), MBh.

a gold lotus (金の蓮), Mālatīm.